ISSN (Online): 1694-4674
Annals of Medicine and Medical Sciences Annals of Medicine and Medical Sciences
Submit Manuscript
  1. Home
  2. Volume 04 (2025), Version 10
  3. A Study of Association of Interleukin-6 and D-Dimer Levels with Outcom…
Original Article Open Access

A Study of Association of Interleukin-6 and D-Dimer Levels with Outcome in Patients of COVID-19

, , , , , ,
Annals of Medicine and Medical Sciences Volume 04 (2025), Version 10 August 23, 2025 pp. 954 - 960
238 49
Download PDF
PDF XML
Abstract

Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 20201. COVID-19 severity is linked to cytokine storm driven by IL-6 and elevated D-dimer levels, both indicating inflammation and thrombosis. This study aimed to find the association of level of IL-6 and D- Dimer with clinical outcome in COVID 19 patients. Materials and Methods: This retrospective, cross-sectional single-centre study analyzed 484 adult COVID-19 patients admitted in a tertiary care centre over a period of one year. It assessed comorbidities, IL-6 and D-dimer levels, and their correlation with outcomes like ICU admission, oxygen need, and mortality. Data were analyzed using OpenEpi, MS Excel, and S.P.S.S. with descriptive stats, chi-square, and correlation tests. Results: Most common (41.5%) age group involved was 41-60 years with 72.31% males and 27.69% females. Diabetes (50.3%), and hypertension (25.9%), were the most common comorbidities observed. 24.79% had raised D- dimer level and 29.13% patients showed raised IL-6 level. Higher IL-6 (Chi- square =226.0, p < 0.000001) and D-Dimer (chi- square = 362.4, p < 0.00001) levels were strongly associated with COVID-19 mortality. Conclusion: Investigations like IL-6 & D Dimer can be useful to assess the prognosis.

References
  1. M.Z T, Poh CM, Renia PA, MacAry PA. The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20(6):363–74.
  2. Wu YC, Chen CS, Chan YJ. "The outbreak of COVID-19: An overview". Journal of the Chinese Medical Association.2020;83 (3): 217–220.
  3. Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG et al. "A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern". Lancet. 2020;395 (10223): 470–473.
  4. Cohen J. "Wuhan seafood market may not be source of novel virus spreading globally". Science. January 2020.
  5. "Novel Coronavirus – China". World Health Organization (WHO). 12 January 2020.
  6. Kessler G. "Trump's false claim that the WHO said the coronavirus was 'not communicable'". The Washington Post. 17 April 2020.
  7. "China delayed releasing coronavirus info, frustrating WHO". AP NEWS. 2020.
  8. World Health Organization Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Situation Report– 169. Data as Received by WHO from National Authorities; 7 July, 2020.
  9. Sawicki SG, Sawicki DL. Coronavirus transcription: A perspective. Curr Top Microbiol Imm 2005; 287:31-55.
  10. Su S, Wong G, Shi W et al. Epidemiology, genetic recombination, and pathogenesis of coronaviruses. Trends Microbiol. 2016; 24:490-502.
  11. Bosch BJ, van der Zee R, de Haan CA et al. The coronavirus spike protein is a class I virus fusion protein: structural and functional characterization of the fusion core complex. Journal. 2003;77:8801-8811. 88
  12. Ou X, Liu Y, Lei X et al. Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARSCoV-2 on virus entry and its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV. Journal. 2020;11:1620.
  13. Yoshikawa T, Hill T, Li K et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus induced lung epithelial cytokines exacerbate SARS pathogenesis by modulating intrinsic functions of monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells. Journal. 2009;83:3039– 3048.
  14. Qin C, Zhou L, Hu Z et al. Dysregulation of immune response in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Journal. 2020.
  15. Koutsogiannaki S, Shimaoka M, Yuki K. The use of volatile anesthetics as sedatives for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Journal. 2019; 6:27-38.
  16. Fang M, Siciliano NA, Hersperger AR et al. Perforin-dependent CD4+ T-cell cytotoxicity contributes to control a murine poxvirus infection. Journal. 2012;109:9983–9988
  17. Sluimer JC, Gasc JM, Hamming et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression and activity in human carotid atherosclerotic lesions. Journal. 2008; 215:273–279.
  18. Pearce L, Davidson SM, Yellon DM. The cytokine storm of COVID-19: a spotlight on prevention and protection. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2020;27:1-8.
  19. Poudel A, Poudel Y, Adhikari A, Aryal BB, Dangol D, Bajracharya T, et al. Ddimer as a biomarker for assessment of COVID-19 prognosis: D-dimer levels on admission and its role in predicting disease outcome in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.
  20. De Souza R, Mhatre S, Qayyumi B, Chitkara G, Madke T, Joshi M, et al. Clinical course and outcome of patients with COVID-19 in Mumbai City: An observational study. BMJ Open. 2021;11(5)
  21. Martinez-Urbistondo M, Mora-Vargas A, Expósito-Palomo E, Castejón R, Citores MJ, Rosado S, et al. Inflammatory-related clinical and metabolic outcomes in Covid-19 patients. Mediators Inflamm. 2020;2020
  22. Talwar D, Kumar S, Acharya S, et al. Interleukin 6 and Its Correlation with COVID-19 in Terms of Outcomes in an Intensive Care Unit of a Rural Hospital: A Cross-sectional Study. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2022;26(1):39-42.
  23. Soni M, Gopalakrishnan R, Vaishya R, Prabu P. D-dimer level is a useful predictor for mortality in patients with COVID-19: Analysis of 483 cases. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(6):2245-2249.
  24. Li P, Chen L, Liu Z et al. Clinical features and short-term outcomes of elderly patients with COVID-19. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2020; 97:245–250. 107.
  25. Avila-Nava A, Cortes-Telles A, Torres-Erazo D, López-Romero S, Chim Aké R, Gutiérrez Solis AL. Serum IL-6: A potential biomarker of mortality among SARS-CoV-2 infected patients in Mexico. Cytokine. 2021 Jul;143:155543.
  26. Jain SK, Dudani A, Jaiswal N, Deopujari K, Simmi Dube S. Assessment of Clinical Profile & Risk Factors Associated with Adverse Outcome in COVID-19 Patients at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Central India - A Retrospective Record Based Study. J Assoc Physicians India. 2021 Apr;69(4):27-31.
  27. Yao Y, Cao J, Wang Q, et al. D-dimer as a biomarker for disease severity and mortality in COVID-19 patients: a case control study. J Intensive Care. 2020;8:49. Published 2020 Jul 10.
  28. de Souza R, Mhatre S, Qayyumi B, et al.. Clinical course and outcome of patients with COVID-19 in Mumbai City: an observational study. BMJ Open. 2021 May 6;11(5):e042943.
  29. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y. Clinical characteristics of corona virus disease2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1708–20.
  30. El-Shabrawy M, Alsadik ME, El-Shafei M, Abdelmoaty AA, Alazzouni AS, Esawy MM, Shabana MA. Interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein/albumin ratio as predictors of COVID-19 severity and mortality. Egypt J Bronchol.2021;15(1):5.
Author Resources